Reference electrodes– Ag Ag Cl in particular – are very susceptible to damage which will cause them to lose accuracy or fail to work entirely. Below is a practical list of do's and don'ts which will ensure accuracy and avoid costly equipment damage.

DO's

• Use only twin element working electrodes
• Calibrate frequently, following manufacturers recommendations
• Store electrodes in clean sea water in a plastic container while offshore
• Store electrodes in sealed plastic bags while not in use

DON'Ts

• Immerse electrode with a damaged (copper exposed) lead wire attached or underwater connector broken
• Calibrate in a metal container
• Touch electrode elements with bare hands
• Expose electrodes to oil, grease, solvents or detergents
• Use an analog (moving coil) meter to record potential
• Attempt field repairs

Reference electrode designs - There are a number of reference electrodes on the market, but they may be divided into a few generic types. It is important to select the correct electrode for the job. A brief description of the key features of each type of electrode is given; Figure 2 shows typical electrode types.

Single vs twin elements - The basic difference here is obvious. The twin element electrodes are marginally more expensive, but the advantages are worth the investment. Twin elements allow for online continuous calibration. Thus, if a problem develops, it can be picked up immediately, not at the end of a dive. In the event one electrode does fail, the other may be used to complete a dive and any data corrections can be accurately made.

Drop cells - Normally provided on a Iength of wire 200 - 300 feet long, the cell will normally have a PVC housing which is provided with a sinker weight. Probe perforation will be random.

Proximity probe - As the name suggests the proximity probe is designed to be positioned at the point where the cathodic protection reading is required. The proximity probe is similar to the drop cell but with the following exceptions; It will normally be filled with an underwater connector on a short cable, it will have controlled perforations, either at one end or at a fixed distance from one end.

Tip contact robe - The tip contact probe is the probe of choice for most underwater platform surveys. The probe has a heavy duty non-metallic housing (normally Delrin) and has a small stainless steel tip for making subsea ground connections. The tip should be no more than 1 sq. inch in total area. The unit has an underwater connector and controlled position (normally 1 or 2 inches from tip) perforations.

The perforation distance is critical since it is the position of the perforation relative to the structure which determines the potential recorded.

Bathycorrometer - This is an instrument which has tip contact and an integrated voltage readout so that no wire to the surface is required. These units are used mainly by the military for performing hull surveys.

Voltmeters

The majority of surveys use standard digital multimeters. It is important the meters have a 1mVDC resolution at 2 - 3 VDC and a 0.1 mVDC resolution at 200 - 300 mVDC range. Do not use analog or instruments which may have low input impedence; this will irreparably damage the electrodes.

Newer survey systems use A to D converters, which allow readings to be recorded and stored in a computer This technology is discussed in more detail towards the end of this paper.

Cables

The umbilical cable between the surface and the probe is critical; any damage to the insulation, which exposes the copper conductors, however small, will cause significant reading error. For this reason it is important to use a very rugged wire. The writer's company uses armored diver "comms" cable, which gives excellent service. On ROV surveys, the signal is transmitted in the the umbilical cable, so only a short whip cable is required.

In either type of survey, the reference electrode should be connected to the umbilical through a good-quality underwater connector. all connectors must be blanked when not in use. Special care and maintenance of the connectors is critical to prevent electrode damage. The ground wire must be strong and rugged. If any insulation damage is evident the wire should be changed.

Equipment hook Up

When using a twin element electrode, two voltage readouts are required. One readout is displaying the potential. The second is displaying the calibration potential between the two reference electrodes. If the calibration (cell to cell) value exceeds +/- 5 mV, there is a calibration error and the survey should be suspended. Figures 3 and 4 over the page show typical connection schematics for various survey configurations. Note that the pipeline risers have their own separate ground wire; they may not be electrically continuous with the platform.

Calibration procedures

The importance of good calibration procedure cannot be overemphasized; in 90% of cases when the electrode Is out of calibration, the readings indicated are pessimistic. Indeed, the writer Is personally aware of two platforms which were completely retrofitted even while exhibiting potentials better than (-)0.950 Volts vs Ag/AgCl and with anodes only 10% to 20% consumed. The reason was a bad drop cell that was not property calibrated. The most dangerous errors are those which are believable but erroneous values.

Before getting into calibration procedures, I would first like to identify the most common sources of errors. The nature of these sources may help to explain why the calibration procedure is set up the way it is.

Measurement error sources

• Damaged lead wire immersed in sea water
• Underwater connector flooded
• Electrode element failure
• ROV umbilical noise
• Poor or 'noisy' ground wire connection
• Voltmeter failure
• Instrument jumper wires and connections

Shop calibration - Obviously the equipment should all be checked out in the shop prior to going offshore. I will concentrate on the reference electrodes in this section, but all voltmeters and test Ieads should be calibrated in accordance with good practice. Procedures that are required for ROVs are not addressed in this paper.

Bucket electrode calibration - This procedure verifies the accuracy of the electrode elements and the wiring internal to the probe only.

Each of the silver elements should be checked against the zinc; both should read within +/- 5 mV of the same value, which should be within the range (-)1.030 to (-)1.060 VDC. When calibrating a tip contact electrode, the values should be cross-checked using the probe tip in place of the wire to contact the zinc coupon.

Barrel calibration procedure - This is basically the same as the bucket procedure with the exception that all of the umbilical wire and connectors are immersed in the test drum. A large plastic garbage can is a good receptacle. This verifies the integrity of the umbilical and underwater connectors. This procedure should be repeated offshore as the 'pre-survey' calibration, but with the diver or ROV and all of the umbilical in the water.

On-line calibration - Figure 3 shows a dual-element connection schematic; the calibration meter is reading one cell to the other. If they were in perfect condition the reading woiuld be zero, but there will normally be a slight offset of 1 or 2 mV. The data recorder should monitor this offset voltage and record it. At a minimum it should be logged at the start and finish of each dive. The advantage of doing this is that any problem can be seen immediately and the survey can be suspended. Any time an electrode drifts outside calibration limits, replace it with the backup unit. Note that some electrodes require a stabilization period (sometimes up to 4 hours) before survey work can commence. Ensure that electrodes are stored in salt water while offshore.

Ground contact verification

A ground wire installed over rust or coating, or close to a high voltage ground point can give erroneous data. The quickest way to check this is to select two ground points, clean to bright steel and hook to one and then the other with the probe in the water. Both points should have exactly the same value if the probe is stationary.

Operator proficiency

There are two individuals responsible for ensuring a good cathodic protection survey: the diver or ROV pilot and the data recorder. Probe positioning is critical if a good repeatable survey is required. If the cathodic protection probe is not adjacent to the structure under investigation, the reading is not repeatable. Holding the probe one foot away from the structure is not good enough. If it were not necessary to have the probe this close to the structure, we could use a drop cell and leave the divers at home!

The data recorder's responsibility is to ensure that readings are recorded with the probe in the correct position for the type of survey being conducted. The title of this paper is 'Maximizing the value of underwater cathodic protection surveys.' Poor probe positioning and data recording are the easiest and most common ways to minimize of the value of underwater surveys.

Survey procedures

Ensuring a thorough survey

As stated earlier, it is not necessary to survey every single member. It is necessary, however, to survey a representative sample. Platforms should be divided into zones based on the horizontal framing elevations. Each of these zones should be considered a separate entity. Emphasis should be placed on areas where there is a risk of marginal protection levels, as well as some typical anodes and anode supporting members. Risers and skirt piles must also be checked if applicable.

A typical scope of survey may look like the list below on a typical 8-Pile structure in 200 - 250 feet of sea water:

• Outboard side of all main legs from surface to mud line at 10 foot intervals.
• All horizontal braces between main legs at all elevations, each end and center point. Also measure potentials on each anode on these members.
• All pipeline risers from surface to mud line at 10 foot intervals.
• A minimum of two conductors – preferably at least one inside conductor – at 10 foot intervals down to the mud line. Stab with tip probe to verify electrical continuity.
• All skirt piles, stab with tip probe to verify continuity.
• Select a minimum of 2 anodes per zone for cleaning and physical measurement. Ensure that potentials have been previously measured on the selected anode.

Maximizing the value

To this point, the focus has been on basic survey requirements. These guidelines will ensure that accurate and repeatable information is logged. From here, we will show how to get much more from the cathodic protection survey without significantly increasing the amount of effort or cost.

On the first page of this paper, the goals of the cathodic protection survey were listed. Two of the items are of particular interest to many operators because they can directly affect the bottom line. In revisiting this list we can show how conventional surveys meet these goals and where they fall short.

• Regulatory compliance
• To verify adequate cathodic protection system performance
• Retrofit planning and budgeting
• Hot spot Identification
• Design calculation verification

Regulatory compliance - The survey as described fully meets all of the requirements of local Gulf of Mexico regulators.

To verify adequate CP System Performance - If adequate cathodic protection performance is defined as "acceptable potential levels," then the survey as described is adequate. If there is a desire to know how efficiently the cathodic protection system is actually working, then there is room for improvement.

Retrofit planning and budgeting - It is in this area that improvement is needed. In order to minimize cash outlay on retrofits while keeping in compliance, there are a number of key points to bear in mind:

• It is not necessary to replace anodes on a one for one basis.
• If the platform potential is allowed to fall below roughly (-)0.850 Volts vs Ag/AgCl, then it will take double the number of anodes to re-polarize the platform as compared to the number required if the retrofit is performed with the potential still at around (-)0.950 Volts vs Ag/AgCI.
• The above difference could occur in a twelve (12) month period ((-)0.950 to (-)0.850 Volts).

It is obvious that a 50% reduction in the number of anodes required could represent a significant amount of money, if the retrofit could be accurately scheduled. This fact has not gone unnoticed by at least one operator (2) (3). However in order to predict when the retrofit can be conveniently and effectively scheduled we need the following additional information from the survey:

• Anode current output (on a meaningful number and distribution of anodes).
• An accurate estimate of anode material remaining (in lbs).
• An accurate estimate of anode length and circumference (on selected andes).

Methods for gathering this information will be discussed later.

Hot spot identification - The survey scope as described, if implemented correctly, will identify all hot spots (low potential areas).

Design calculation verification - The ability to verify system design criteria and calculations will enable future cathodic protection systems to be optimized. From the large number of surveys run, it is clear that the rules for platform cathodic protection design are extremely conservative. There is significant potential to safely reduce the number of anodes initially installed. This again obviously translates into reduced life-cycle cost for the operator.

As more empirical data become available on current density / potential relationships and anode performance, confidence levels to reduce design redundancy will increase. In order to gather this type of information, some minor changes to survey methodology must be made.

Scanning cathodic protection surveys

A scanning cathodic protection survey varies from the basic survey described in the following areas:

• Potentials are logged directly into a computer rather than being handwritten.
• The reference electrode is run along the member under investigation rather than being held stationary.
• Electrode positioning becomes more critical.
• More of the structure is measured and significantly more data points are recorded.
• More emphasis Is placed on anode potential measurements.

This large amount of anode and structure potential information together with some physical anode dimensions makes it possible to calculate the operating anode current output (2). Statistical averaging can then be applied to the total system and with some historical data it is possible to compute current density, total system current and – most importantly – remaining life. One system routinely in use in the Gulf of Mexico is presented as a typical example of a scanning CP survey. The following section with tables and figures shows a typical survey equipment list, survey procedures, data input requirements and data output formats.

Equipment required - Table 1 below shows a typical equipment list:

Summary

The average cost increase to run a scanning survey rather than a point survey on an 8-pile platform in 200 feet of water is relatively small. The entire cost to survey such a platform (MMS level II ) would be approximately $20,000.00 (in 1994). Thus, a survey cost increase of less than a few percent can yield all this additional information.

References

[1] J N Britton and R J Holt - A Computerized Cathodic Protection Survey System for Offshore Platforms. Materials Performance. VoI 25. No. 4 April 1986.
[2] M W Mateer - Often Overlooked Data Available from a Typical Offshore Subsea Survey CORROSION/91 Paper No. 223 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1991).
[3] M W Mateer - Designing Anode Retrofits for Offshore Platforms. Materials Performance. Vol 33. No. 1 January 1994.